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        <h1 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h1><p>​    光电耦合器简称光耦是电路中常用的隔离元件，本章将介绍光耦特性和不同光耦种类。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h1 id="光电耦合器"><a href="#光电耦合器" class="headerlink" title="光电耦合器"></a>光电耦合器</h1><h2 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2><p>​    光电耦合器是<strong>以光为媒介传输电信号的一种电一光一电转换器件</strong>。它由<strong>发光源和受光器</strong>两部分组成。把发光源和受光器组装在同一密闭的壳体内，彼此间用透明绝缘体隔离。<strong>发光源的引脚为输入端，受光器的引脚为输出端，</strong>常见的发光源为<strong>发光二极管</strong>，受光器为<strong>光敏二极管，光敏三极管</strong>等等。</p>
<h2 id="工作原理"><a href="#工作原理" class="headerlink" title="工作原理"></a>工作原理</h2><p>​    在光电耦合器输入端加电信号<strong>使发光源发光</strong>，光的强度取决于<strong>激励电流</strong>的大小，此光照射到封装在一起的<strong>受光器（光敏二极管，光敏三极管等）</strong>上后，因光电效应而产生了光电流，由受光器输出端引出，这样就实现了电一光一电的转换。</p>
<h2 id="工作特性"><a href="#工作特性" class="headerlink" title="工作特性"></a>工作特性</h2><p>1、共模抑制比很高</p>
<p>​    在光电耦合器内部，由于发光管和受光器之间的耦合电容很小（2pF以内）所以<strong>共模输入电压</strong>通过极间耦合电容对输出电流的影响很小，因而共模抑制比很高。</p>
<p>2、输出特性</p>
<p>​    光电耦合器的输出特性是指在一定的发光电流IF下，光敏管所加<strong>偏置电压VCE与输出电流IC</strong>之间的关系，当IF=0时，发光二极管不发光，此时的<strong>光敏晶体管</strong>集电极输出电流称为<strong>暗电流</strong>，一般很小。当IF&gt;0时，在一定的IF作用下，所对应的IC基本上与VCE无关。IC与IF之间的变化成线性关系，用半导体管特性图示仪测出的光电耦合器的输出特性与普通<strong>晶体三极管</strong>输出特性相似。其测试连线如图2，图中D、C、E三根线分别对应B、C、E极，接在仪器插座上。</p>
<p>3、隔离特性</p>
<p>a）．隔离电压Vio（Isolation Voltage）</p>
<p>​    光耦合器输入端和输出端之间绝缘耐压值。</p>
<p>b）．隔离电容Cio（Isolation Capacitance）：</p>
<p>​    光耦合器件输入端和输出端之间的电容值</p>
<p>c）．隔离电阻Rio：（Isolation Resistance）</p>
<p>​    半导体光耦合器输入端和输出端之间的绝缘电阻值。</p>
<p>4、传输特性：</p>
<p>a）．电流传输比CTR（Current Transfer Radio）</p>
<p>​    输出管的工作电压为规定值时，输出电流和发光二极管正向电流之比为电流传输比CTR。</p>
<p>b）．上升时间Tr （Rise Time）&amp; 下降时间Tf（Fall Time）</p>
<p>​    光电耦合器在规定工作条件下，<strong>发光二极管</strong>输入规定电流IFP的脉冲波，输出端管则输出相应的脉冲波，从输出脉冲前沿幅度的10%到90%，所需时间为脉冲上升时间tr。从输出脉冲后沿幅度的90%到10%，所需时间为脉冲下降时间tf。</p>
<p>​    其它参数诸如工作温度、耗散功率等不再一一复述。</p>
<p>5、光电耦合器可作为线性耦合器使用。</p>
<p>​    在发光二极管上提供一个<strong>偏置电流</strong>，再把信号电压通过电阻耦合到发光二极管上，这样<strong>光电晶体管</strong>接收到的是在偏置电流上增、减变化的光信号，其输出电流将随输入的信号电压作线性变化。光电耦合器也可工作于开关状态，传输<strong>脉冲信号</strong>。在传输脉冲信号时，输入信号和输出信号之间存在一定的延迟时间，不同结构的光电耦合器输入、输出延迟时间相差很大。</p>
<h2 id="特点"><a href="#特点" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h2><ol>
<li>光信号单向传输 ，输出信号对输入端无反馈，可有效阻断电路或系统之间的电联系，但并不切断他们之间的信号传递。</li>
<li>隔离性能好，输入端与输出端之间完全实现了电隔离。</li>
<li>光信号不受电磁波干扰，工作稳定可靠。</li>
<li>光发射器件与光敏器件的光谱匹配十分理想，响应速度快，传输效率高，光电耦合器件的时间常数通常在微秒甚至毫微秒级。</li>
<li>抗共模干扰能力强，能很好地抑制干扰并消除噪音。</li>
<li>无触点，使用寿命长，体积小，耐冲击能力强。</li>
<li>易与逻辑电路连接。</li>
<li>工作温度范围宽，符合工业和军用温度标准。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="元器件检测"><a href="#元器件检测" class="headerlink" title="元器件检测"></a>元器件检测</h2><p>​    用万用表判断好坏，如图3，断开输入端电源，用R×1k档测1、2脚电阻，正向电阻为几百欧，反向电阻几十千欧，3、4脚间电阻应为无限大。1、2脚与3、4脚间任意一组，阻值为无限大，输入端接通电源后，3、4脚的电阻很小。调节RP，3、4间脚电阻发生变化，说明该器件是好的。注：不能用R×10k档，否则导致发射管击穿。</p>
<h2 id="图形符号"><a href="#图形符号" class="headerlink" title="图形符号"></a>图形符号</h2><p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/Zxkz8j.png" alt="二极管型光电耦合器"></p>
<p>a）光电二极管型光电耦合器：</p>
<p>​    受光元件为光电二极管</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/ZxkL9G.png" alt="光电三极管型光电耦合器"></p>
<p>b）光电三极管型光电耦合器</p>
<p>​    受光元件为光电三极管，稳定性比光电二极管较强</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/Zxk97X.png" alt="晶体闸流管型光电耦合器"></p>
<p>c）晶体闸流管型光电耦合器</p>
<p>​    受光元件为晶体闸，与光电二极管和光电三极管型的光电耦合器不同的是，这个是双向的，可以控制交流。</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/Zxkswy.png" alt="达林顿"></p>
<p>d）达林顿型光电耦合器</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/ZxkTeg.png" alt="集成电路型光电耦合器"></p>
<p>e）集成电路型光电耦合器</p>
<h2 id="常用光电耦合器型号"><a href="#常用光电耦合器型号" class="headerlink" title="常用光电耦合器型号"></a>常用光电耦合器型号</h2><ul>
<li>线性型光电耦合器：线性光耦是一种用于模拟信号隔离的光耦器件，和普通光耦一样，线性光耦真正隔离的是电流。通过调节流经输入端的电流，可以改变输出端的电流。</li>
<li>开关型光电耦合器：开关型光耦是一种用于数字信号隔离的光耦器件，</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="线性型光耦"><a href="#线性型光耦" class="headerlink" title="线性型光耦"></a>线性型光耦</h3><h4 id="PC817"><a href="#PC817" class="headerlink" title="PC817"></a>PC817</h4><h5 id="简介-1"><a href="#简介-1" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h5><p>​    PC817包含一个光学耦合到光电晶体管。它是用4针封装的，输入-输出隔离电压为5000Vrms，响应时间tr通常为4μs，最小当输入电流为5mA时，CTR为50%。</p>
<h5 id="特点-1"><a href="#特点-1" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h5><ul>
<li><p>电流传输比((CTR:MIN.50% at IF=5mA, VCE=5V）</p>
</li>
<li><p>输入和输出之间的高隔离电压（Viso=5000Vrms）</p>
</li>
<li><p>良好的高温稳定性</p>
</li>
<li><p>保证最小电压为70V</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="封装和引脚"><a href="#封装和引脚" class="headerlink" title="封装和引脚"></a>封装和引脚</h5><p>​    PC817提供了一种封装：<strong>DIP4</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/ZxkK2K.png" alt="封装实物图"></p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/ZxkDBc.png"></p>
<p>引脚说明：1：发光器件阳极    2：发光器件阴极    3：受光器件发射极    4：受光器件集电级</p>
<h4 id="TL521"><a href="#TL521" class="headerlink" title="TL521"></a>TL521</h4><h5 id="简介-2"><a href="#简介-2" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h5><p>​    TL521是可控制的光耦合器件，光电耦合器件广泛运用在电脑终端机，可控硅系统设置，测量仪器、影印机、自动售票、家用电器，比如电风扇、加热器等。电路之间的信号输出，使之前端与负载完全隔离，目的在于增强电路的安全性，减小电压的干扰，简化电路的设计。</p>
<h5 id="特点-2"><a href="#特点-2" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h5><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>特点</th>
<th>符号</th>
<th>等级</th>
<th>单位</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>集电极 - 发射极电压（最大）</td>
<td>V CEO</td>
<td>55</td>
<td>V</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>集电极电流</td>
<td>I C</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>mA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>工作温度（最大）</td>
<td>T orp</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>摄氏度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>工作温度（最小值）</td>
<td>T orp</td>
<td>-55</td>
<td>摄氏度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>电流传输比（最大）</td>
<td>CTR</td>
<td>I F = 5mA 　　V CE = 5VRank A</td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>电流传输比（最小值）</td>
<td>CTR</td>
<td>I F = 5mA 　　V CE = 5VRank A</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>隔离电压BVS 　　@ 1分钟（最小）</td>
<td>BVs</td>
<td>T = 60秒</td>
<td>2500</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="封装和引脚-1"><a href="#封装和引脚-1" class="headerlink" title="封装和引脚"></a>封装和引脚</h5><p>​    TL521提供了三种型号，TL521-1,TL521-2,TL521-4</p>
<p>​    TL521-1：提供了1个孤立的光耦，使用DIP4的封装</p>
<p>​    TL521-2：提供了2个孤立的光耦，使用DIP8的封装</p>
<p>​    TL521-4：提供了4个孤立的光耦，使用DIP16的封装</p>
<p>​    DIP4：1：发光器件阳极    2：发光器件阴极    3：受光器件发射极    4：受光器件集电级</p>
<p>​    DIP8：1，3：发光器件阳极    2，4：发光器件阴极    5，7：受光器件发射极    6，8：受光器件集电级</p>
<p>​    DIP16：1，3，5，7：发光器件阳极    2，4，6，8：发光器件阴极    9，11，13，15：受光器件发射极    10，    12，14，16：受光器件集电级</p>
<h3 id="开关型光耦"><a href="#开关型光耦" class="headerlink" title="开关型光耦"></a>开关型光耦</h3><h4 id="4N25"><a href="#4N25" class="headerlink" title="4N25"></a>4N25</h4><h5 id="简介-3"><a href="#简介-3" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h5><p>​    4N2X、4N3X、H11AX系列设备均由一个光学红外发射二极管组成耦合到光电晶体管的。它们封装在一个6针DIP封装中，并提供宽引线间距和SMD选项。</p>
<h5 id="特点-3"><a href="#特点-3" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h5><ul>
<li>通道数:1</li>
<li>隔离电压:5300V rms</li>
<li>输出类型:Transistor</li>
<li>输入电流:50mA</li>
<li>输出电压:30V</li>
<li>封装类型:DIP</li>
<li>针脚数:6</li>
<li>封装类型:DIP-6</li>
<li>工作温度范围:-55°C to +100°C</li>
<li>输出电压 最大:30V</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="封装和引脚-2"><a href="#封装和引脚-2" class="headerlink" title="封装和引脚"></a>封装和引脚</h5><p>​    4N25提供了两种封装：DIP8，SOP8</p>
<pre><code>1. Anode：正极或阳极
 2.  Cathode ：负极或阴极
 3. No Connection ：悬空引脚
 4. Emitter ：发射级
 5. Collector ：集电极
 6. Base：基级
</code></pre>
<h2 id="应用电路图"><a href="#应用电路图" class="headerlink" title="应用电路图"></a>应用电路图</h2><p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/15/Zxkdbe.png"></p>
<p>原理分析：</p>
<ul>
<li>当TTL输出高电平时，PC817内部发光器件没有电压差，遂不发光，受光元器件不导通，则T1的基级通过R1和R2被拉为高电平，T1导通，M1得电，M1电机开始转动。</li>
<li>当TTL输出低电平时，PC817内部发光器件有电压差，发光器件发光，受光元器件导通，则T1的基级为低电平，T1不导通，M1失电，M1停止转动。</li>
<li>D1在这里的作用是续流二极管，由于电机内部实际是电感线圈，储能元件，所以断电的一瞬间会产生瞬时性反向电动势，通过D1消耗掉其内部能量，达到快速关断电机和保护三极管T1的效果。</li>
<li>C1和C2在这里的作用是滤除高频谐波，是电机转速更快更稳定。</li>
</ul>

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          <div class="post-toc motion-element"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">前言</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%99%A8"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">光电耦合器</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">工作原理</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">工作特性</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">特点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%85%83%E5%99%A8%E4%BB%B6%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">元器件检测</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7"><span class="nav-number">2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">图形符号</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%99%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%B7"><span class="nav-number">2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">常用光电耦合器型号</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%85%89%E8%80%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">线性型光耦</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#PC817"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">PC817</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B-1"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9-1"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">特点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%95%E8%84%9A"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">封装和引脚</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#TL521"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">TL521</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B-2"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9-2"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">特点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%95%E8%84%9A-1"><span class="nav-number">2.7.1.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">封装和引脚</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%BC%80%E5%85%B3%E5%9E%8B%E5%85%89%E8%80%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">开关型光耦</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#4N25"><span class="nav-number">2.7.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">4N25</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B-3"><span class="nav-number">2.7.2.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9-3"><span class="nav-number">2.7.2.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">特点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%95%E8%84%9A-2"><span class="nav-number">2.7.2.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">封装和引脚</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E5%9B%BE"><span class="nav-number">2.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">应用电路图</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
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